Current Affairs 22/09/2025
1. What was the theme of International Day of Peace observed on 21 September 2025?
Answer : “Act Now for a Peaceful World”
International Day of Peace 2025 – Theme and Significance
The International Day of Peace, observed every year on 21 September, serves as a global reminder of the importance of non-violence, unity, and cooperation among nations. Established by the United Nations in 1981, the day has become a platform for dialogue and awareness on issues that threaten world peace.
The theme for 2025 was “Act Now for a Peaceful World”, which underscored the urgency of immediate collective action to resolve conflicts and promote sustainable peace. It emphasized that peace is not merely the absence of war but also the presence of justice, equality, and opportunities for all. The theme called upon governments, organizations, and individuals to take proactive steps to address ongoing global challenges such as armed conflicts, terrorism, climate insecurity, and widening social inequalities.
On this occasion, activities such as peace education campaigns, interfaith dialogues, cultural programs, and youth-led initiatives were organized worldwide to spread the message of harmony. The UN particularly highlighted the role of youth and local communities in building trust and fostering reconciliation.
The observance of the International Day of Peace in 2025 reinforced the idea that peace is a shared responsibility and that every action, however small, contributes to shaping a safer and more compassionate world.
2. Which country did Pakistan recently sign a defense agreement with, under which any attack on one country is considered an attack on both?
Answer : Saudi Arabia
Pakistan–Saudi Arabia Strategic Defense Agreement
In a significant development in regional security cooperation, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have recently signed a Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement. This landmark pact establishes that an attack on either country will be regarded as an attack on both, thereby reinforcing their long-standing defense and security ties.
The agreement reflects the deep-rooted historical, cultural, and religious connections between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. For decades, the two nations have shared close diplomatic relations, with collaboration spanning energy, trade, security, and counter-terrorism. The latest defense pact further strengthens this strategic partnership by ensuring joint security commitments in the face of external threats.
Under the framework of the agreement, both nations are expected to enhance intelligence sharing, conduct joint military exercises, and strengthen defense technology cooperation. It also paves the way for closer alignment on regional security issues, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia, where both countries play influential roles.
Experts view this development as a move toward greater regional stability, but also as a sign of shifting defense alliances in response to evolving geopolitical challenges. For Pakistan, the agreement reinforces its position as a key partner in Gulf security, while for Saudi Arabia, it provides a reliable defense ally in South Asia.
The Pakistan–Saudi Arabia defense pact underscores the importance of collective security in a rapidly changing global order, sending a strong message of solidarity and mutual commitment to peace and defense cooperation.
3. Who was appointed as the new Director General of CISF in September 2025?
Answer : Praveer Ranjan
Praveer Ranjan Appointed as New Director General of CISF
The Government of India has appointed Praveer Ranjan, a 1993-batch IPS officer of the AGMUT cadre, as the new Director General (DG) of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) in September 2025. He succeeds Rajwinder Singh Bhatti, who retired on 30 September 2025 after completing his tenure.
Career Profile
Praveer Ranjan has had a distinguished career in policing and internal security. Prior to his elevation, he was serving as Special Director General of CISF, where he played a key role in strengthening the force’s operational preparedness. Over the years, he has held important positions in the Union Territories and within central police organizations, gaining wide experience in handling law and order, counter-insurgency, and specialized security operations.
Role of CISF
The CISF is one of India’s premier Central Armed Police Forces, entrusted with the security of vital installations, including airports, metro rail networks, nuclear and space facilities, and industrial units. With over 1.7 lakh personnel, it plays a crucial role in safeguarding national assets and ensuring secure functioning of critical infrastructure.
Significance of Appointment
Praveer Ranjan’s appointment comes at a time when the CISF faces growing challenges such as terror threats, cyber risks, and evolving security needs of expanding infrastructure projects. His leadership is expected to focus on modernization of the force, use of advanced surveillance technologies, enhanced inter-agency coordination, and capacity building of personnel.
The government has approved his tenure until July 2029, aligning with his superannuation. His long term at the helm provides an opportunity for continuity in leadership and implementation of long-term reforms in the force.
Conclusion
The appointment of Praveer Ranjan as DG of CISF reinforces India’s commitment to maintaining robust internal security and protection of national infrastructure. With his vast experience and proven track record, he is well-positioned to lead the force through the complex security challenges of the coming years.
4. Which paramilitary force will Praveen Kumar lead from October 2025?
Answer : ITBP
Praveen Kumar to Take Charge as Director General of ITBP from October 2025
In a major leadership reshuffle within India’s paramilitary forces, senior IPS officer Praveen Kumar has been appointed as the new Director General (DG) of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP). He will assume charge from October 1, 2025, succeeding the outgoing chief upon superannuation.
Career Background
Praveen Kumar is a seasoned IPS officer with decades of experience in policing, internal security, and counter-insurgency operations. Before this appointment, he has served in key capacities across state police organizations and central paramilitary forces, gaining expertise in law enforcement and border security management. His career record reflects strong leadership skills, operational acumen, and a focus on modernization of forces under his command.
Role of ITBP
The ITBP, raised in 1962 after the India-China conflict, is one of India’s premier Central Armed Police Forces. It is primarily responsible for guarding the 3,488 km long India-China border, stretching from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh, across some of the world’s most challenging and high-altitude terrains. In addition to border security, ITBP is also tasked with disaster relief operations, anti-smuggling patrols, and maintaining internal security when deployed.
Significance of the Appointment
Praveen Kumar’s appointment comes at a critical time, with India placing greater emphasis on border infrastructure development and enhanced security preparedness along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). His leadership is expected to focus on:
• Strengthening ITBP’s high-altitude combat capabilities.
• Expanding modern surveillance systems along the border.
• Improving living and working conditions of personnel deployed in extreme weather conditions.
• Enhancing coordination with the Indian Army and other security agencies.
Conclusion
With his wide-ranging experience and proven track record, Praveen Kumar’s leadership is expected to bring renewed focus on operational efficiency and welfare of ITBP personnel. His tenure will play a crucial role in shaping the force’s preparedness to meet evolving security challenges along India’s Himalayan frontiers.
5. Which country topped the Global Innovation Index 2025 recently?
Answer : Switzerland
Switzerland Tops Global Innovation Index 2025
Switzerland has once again claimed the top position in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025, marking its 15th consecutive year as the world’s most innovative country. Published annually by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in collaboration with academic and research institutions, the GII evaluates countries based on their innovation capabilities and results, offering a comprehensive benchmarking tool for policymakers, businesses, and researchers.
Key Highlights of GII 2025
• Switzerland’s Strengths:
Switzerland consistently scores high across multiple innovation pillars, including creative outputs, knowledge and technology outputs, and infrastructure supporting innovation. Its strong ecosystem of research institutions, robust intellectual property regime, and emphasis on R&D investment contribute to its sustained leadership.
• Other Leading Countries:
The top 10 countries in 2025 include Sweden, the United States, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore, all of which demonstrate high levels of innovation efficiency and output.
• Global Trends:
The 2025 index highlights increasing importance of digital and green technologies, collaborative innovation networks, and the role of startups in driving economic growth. It also emphasizes that countries investing in education, intellectual property, and sustainable innovation practices are better positioned to lead in the global knowledge economy.
India’s Position
India continues to show steady progress in the GII rankings, reflecting its growing startup ecosystem, technology adoption, and research intensity. However, challenges remain in areas such as institutional support, infrastructure, and commercialization of research outputs.
Significance of GII
The Global Innovation Index serves as a critical tool for governments and businesses to identify strengths and weaknesses in their innovation systems. It encourages countries to create policies that foster creativity, technology development, and knowledge dissemination, ultimately driving sustainable economic growth and competitiveness.
Switzerland’s continued dominance underscores the importance of a holistic innovation ecosystem that integrates research, technology, and creativity, setting a benchmark for other nations aspiring to lead in the knowledge-driven global economy.